archeology of Jesus Christ, what really happened to Jesus after his death?, where are the bones of Jesus Christ?
http://www.beforeus.com/archeology-of-jesus-christ-1.html	Archeology of Jesus Christ

What really happened to Jesus
after his death?
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Where are the bones of Jesus Christ?
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Any records of Jesus? -
THE MAN WHO
"NEVER WAS"

A friend named Hugh paid me a visit. The operator of a very successful natural therapy clinic in nearby Paeroa, Hugh had recently closed it down. And with time on his hands he wandered into a bookshop.

There one particular book caught his eye. As he read it, questions began to churn over in his mind. “Jonathan,” he asked, “would you go through this and give me the truth on it?”

For a time I dropped other things and focused on that book. Here is what the author asserted:

The claim:

1. Jesus never existed - “Did Jesus actually exist?... I would say categorically no.”
2. Jesus not mentioned - “Writers… during the alleged time of Jesus… don’t mention him.”

The investigation:

So I embarked on an in depth investigation. And here is

The result:

Are you sitting down? There is – if you please - far more evidence for the existence of Jesus than for virtually anyone in ancient history.

There, I’ve said it! Anyone who peddles that “Christ-myth” theory, does NOT do so on the ground of historical evidence. The fact of Jesus Christ in history is as axiomatic for an unbiased historian as is the fact of Julius Caesar.

Get this straight. It is not historians who promote the “Christ-myth” notion.

“What!” I hear someone exclaim. “Do you mean that there is really independent first century testimony that Jesus existed?”

That’s right. Well, you want facts, don’t you? Of course you do!

In any case, we should bear in mind, firstly, that Jesus was comparatively unknown. Secondly, if, as claimed, he spoke publicly for only three years, it would be highly unlikely for any historical documents from within such a narrow window of time to have survived. Nevertheless, his alleged words and actions were documented by numerous people. Then copied by thousands of others, to be passed on – despite the threat of death for doing so.

Archaeology is able to enlighten us, here.

The evidence:
The archeology of Jesus Christ
(a) ancient records of Jesus

Jesus’ life was attested to by no fewer than 22 different historians of his day, such as Tacitus, Suetonius, Serapian, Phlegon, Lucien, Josephus. Many of these historians were antagonistic toward him. He was mentioned in at least four official Roman records.

Firstly, here is one who wrote not as early as some others, but just a short time later.

1. Cornelius Tacitus (b. AD 52 – 56)

Cornelius Tacitus was born around AD 55. He was a Roman senator, consul, governor of Britain AD 80 – 84, and also served as governor of the Roman province of Anatolia (which covered most of the area of modern day Turkey). And he was one of ancient Rome’s greatest historians. Late in his life, he wrote a 16-volume history of the Roman emperors, called the Annals.

Tacitus was neither a friend of Nero, nor of the Christians.

And he mentions that Pontius Pilate crucified Jesus Christ. He wrote this in his history:

Nothing which could be done by man, nor any amount of treasure that the prince could give, nor all the sacrifices which could be presented to the gods, could clear Nero from being believed to have ordered the burning, the fire of Rome. So to silence the rumor, he tortured and made false accusations against those who were hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty [crucifixion] during the reign of Tiberius at the hand of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilate, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judaea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome. (Annals, 15:44)

Tiberius reigned from AD 14 to 37. Pilate held office from AD 26 to 36 or 37. The burning of Rome (for which the followers of Jesus Christ were blamed) was in AD 64.

Now, a critic may question the reliability of Tacitus’ history, since it was not written concurrently with the life of Jesus – but several years later.

Have you heard of Aristotle’s Dictum?:

The benefit of the doubt is to be given to the document
.............itself, not arrogated by the critic to himself.

P. Cornelius Tacitus may have been the greatest Roman historian. He held the positions of senator, consul, and provincial governor of Asia. He wrote Annals, Histories, Agricola, Germany, and a dialogue on oratory.

“Tacitus was a scrupulous historian who paid careful attention to his historical works.” (Wikipedia)

You can depend on his historical trustworthiness. He was contemporary with many of the events he records.

I asked a critic, “So you accept as historical every other event this historian writes about?”

“Yes,” he conceded.

“But this one thing you reject - his mention of Jesus Christ?”

“Yes.”

“Then perhaps the trouble is not with the historian, but with you. Are you an honest man?”

“Yes.”

“If you are honest, then re-examine your own motives. Be skeptical of your skepticism.”

2. Governor Pontius Pilate’s report (31 to 37 AD),
sworn to be in the Roman Archives, AD 150:

Evidently, Pontius Pilate sent a report back to Rome concerning the trial of Jesus.

Around AD 150, Justin Martyr urged the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius to consult this report in the imperial archives:

The statement, “They spiked my hands and my feet” he says, are they not an accurate portrayal of the nails that were fixed in his hands and his feet on the cross, and after he was executed, those who crucified him cast lots and divided his clothing amongst themselves; these things did occur, and you may find them in the ‘Acts’ recorded under Pontius Pilate.

He later says:

At his coming the lame shall leap, tongues that stammer shall speak clearly, the blind shall see, and the lepers shall be cleansed, and the dead shall rise and walk about. And you can learn that he did all these things from the Acts of Pontius Pilate. (Justin Martyr, Apology, 1.48)

I possess a transcript of this letter by Pontius Pilate, governor of Judea, to the Roman emperor Tiberius. You can access a copy in the Congressional Library in Washington.

3. Caius Suetonius Tranquillus (c. AD 69 - 140)

Then there was Tranquillus, overseer of Rome’s libraries and court official to several emperors. He writes that the emperor Claudius “banished the Jews from Rome, who were continually making disturbances, Chrestus [Christ] being their leader.” (Lives of the First Twelve Caesars: Life of Claudius, 26.2)

This banishment of Jews from Rome occurred in AD 49. It is also mentioned in the Bible, in Acts 18:2. Tranquillus, again, was a contemporary of some of the original Christian leaders.

4. Pliny the younger (AD 112)

Pliny the younger, the Roman legate of Bithynia-Pontus (what is now north-central Turkey) in the early second century, wrote to the emperor Trajan, requesting advice on how to deal with Christians who refused to reverence Caesar’s image. Pliny noted that these Christians met regularly and sang hymns “to Christ as if to a god.” (Letters 10:96.7)

The phrase “as if to a god” suggests that Pliny acknowledged that Jesus had been a person, but was reluctant to call him divine.

From these historical sources (NONE connected in any way with the Bible) we note that:

1. A group called “Christians” derived its name from “Christus” (Christ), as early as c. AD 49.

2. This “Christus” was executed during the offices of Tiberius and Pilate, before AD 37.

3. This new movement involved “a most mischievous superstition”, possibly a reference to Christians’ belief that Jesus rose from the dead after his crucifixion.

4. This Christian movement began in Judea and spread to Rome.

5. Early Christians considered Christ to be a divine Bein

5. Caiaphas (AD 31)

A number of manuscripts were preserved in the Mosque of S. Sophia in Constantinople (now called Istanbul) by order of Mohammed II, and lay concealed for some 1,500 years, with no attempt to give them to the public. Two of them in particular are written in what is known as square Hebrew. These are read only with difficulty by the best Hebrew scholars, and they must have text books to assist them.

These two scrolls, official court documents from the first century, bear the name of Caiaphas, the Jewish high priest who officiated at the alleged trial of Jesus in AD 31. The first, addressed to Roman governor Pontius Pilate, gave lengthy reasons why he condemned Jesus Christ and the charges against him.

Scholars, after unwinding several feet of this scroll, came across another communication from Caiaphas. It was a solemn report to the Sanhedrin on the same matter. (The Archko Volume, translated by Drs McIntosh and Twyman of the Antiquarian Lodge, Genoa, Italy, from manuscripts in Constantinople. Also from the Senatorial Docket, taken from the Vatican at Rome. 1896, pp.92-93)

There is no reasonable doubt that this is genuine.

6. Mara Bar-Serapion (sometime later than AD 73)

Then there is the testimony of a first century Syrian writer. In the British Museum an interesting manuscript preserves the text of a letter sent by a Syrian named Mara Bar-Serapion, from prison, to his son Serapion. To encourage his son in the pursuit of wisdom, he points out that those who persecuted wise men were themselves overtaken by misfortune. He gives as examples the deaths of Socrates, Pythagoras and Jesus Christ:

What advantage did the Athenians gain from putting Socrates to death? Famine and plague came upon them as a judgment for their crime. What advantage did the men of Samos gain from burning Pythagoras? In a moment their land was covered with sand. What advantage did the Jews gain from executing their wise King? It was just after that that their kingdom was abolished. God justly avenged these three wise men: the Athenians died of hunger; the Samians were overwhelmed by the sea; the Jews, ruined and driven from their land, live in complete dispersion. But Socrates did not die for good; he lived on in the teaching of Plato. Pythagoras did not die for good; he lived on in the statue of Hera. Nor did the wise King die for good; He lived on in the teaching which He had given. (Quoted by F.F. Bruce, The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable? 5^th revised edition. Downers Grove: Inter-Varsity Press, 1972)

Now we turn to some further early Jewish documents. Dispute them if you wish. But don’t come up with that nonsense that these documents refer to somebody else. Okay, even without them, the Jews still concede that the Jesus Christ of Christianity lived. He is the most influential “imposter” in their history. This they have never disputed.

7. Babylonian Sanhedrin (AD 95 – 110)

The Jewish Babylonian Sanhedrin, from AD 95 – 110, testifies:

On the eve of the Passover they hanged Yeshu [of Nazareth]…. He hath practised sorcery and beguiled and led astray Israel…. But they found naught in his defence and hanged him on the eve of Passover. (Babylonian Sanhedrin 43a – “Eve of Passover”)

And don’t come up with thast nonsense that this refers to some other guy e=who might have lived a hundred years earlier.

8. Rabbi ben Hyrcanus (c. AD 95)

Around AD 95, Jewish rabbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanus of Lydda speaks of Jesus’ magic arts. (Ethelbert Stauffer, Jesus and His Story. Translated by Richard and Clara Winston. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960, p. 10)

9. Jewish controversy (c. AD 110)

Around 110 we hear of a controversy among Palestinian Jews centering upon the question of whether it is permissible to be healed in the name of Jesus. (Ibid.)

The point here is, miraculous healings in the name of Jesus do imply that Jesus performed such miracles… and that he existed.

Did Jewish authorities deny that Jesus performed miracles? Indeed not. But rather they claimed these were acts of sorcery.

Despite the hatred of many Jewish leaders for Jesus Christ and Christianity, they never question the historical reality of Jesus Christ. His coming is part of their history – quite independently of Christianity. And Jewish leaders still recognise this, today.

Jesus’ alleged illegitimate birth was a slur among the Jews.

So Jesus Christ never existed! Huh? Then why do we find Him described by so many different and independent sources?

Oh, I hear someone say, those documents were forged.

Yes? All of them? By both anti-christian Roman chroniclers and Jewish leaders?

Oh, come on. Let’s be realistic. What motive would they have?

May we again remember Aristotle’s Dictum?:

The benefit of the doubt is to be given to the document
.............itself, not arrogated by the critic to himself.

In our country a man is considered innocent until proven guilty. What about the many different men who wrote these unconnected ancient documents. The burden of proof is on you and me to prove that all – every one of them – are forgeries.

Icke asserts there are no such early, historical documents mentioning Jesus. Whilst one may wish these documents not to exist, yet they do. That’s the truth. Okay, we’ve all been mistaken about some things. But when a man who is honestly mistaken hears the truth, he will either quit being mistaken or cease to be honest.

The historicity of many other characters from the ancient world is accepted on much less evidence than this – often merely upon the single appearance of a name.

10. Flavius Josephus (AD 37-100)

Josephus, a prominent Jewish historian of the first century, commanded a Jewish detachment in Galilee during the Jewish revolt of AD 66-70, until his capture by the Romans. At the end of the war he went to Rome with the Roman general Titus, where he lived and wrote until his death.

In his monumental work Antiquities of the Jews, written AD 90-95, Josephus says:

Now there was about this time Jesus, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man, for he was a doer of wonderful works, - a teacher of such men as received the truth with pleasure. He drew over to him both many of the Jews, and many of the Gentiles. He was [the] Christ; and when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him, for he appeared to them live again the third day, as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him; and the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct at this day. (Antiquities, Book 18, chapter 3, section 3)

Now I hear someone protest, “Oh, that must be an interpolation – because it is unlikely that Josephus, a Jew, would affirm Jesus to be the Messiah who had fulfilled prophecies, done miraculous deeds, and risen from the dead.”

A valid enough objection it would seem, on the surface. So?

Ah, ha, not so hasty, Jonathan. Consider this…

F.F. Bruce suggests that the phrase “if indeed we should call him a man” may very well indicate that the text is authentic but that Josephus is writing with tongue in cheek in sarcastic reference to Christian belief that Jesus is the Son of God. (F.F. Bruce, The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable? Downers Grove, Ill.: Inter Varsity Press, 1964, p. 108)

Other scholars have suggested amending the text in ways to preserve its authenticity without the implication that Josephus personally accepted that Jesus was the Messiah. (Ibid., pp. 110-111)

While many scholars dispute parts or all of the passage, it is quoted as above by the historian Eusebius as early as 315 (Ecclesiastical History, 1.11). Also the manuscript evidence favours it. It exists in all extant copies of Josephus’ works.

Never mind, dismiss the above versions of Josephus, if you wish. That’s okay.

But what shall we do with a surviving version of Josephus discovered among the Arabs? And this was beyond the influence of any alleged “Christian” forgers. Quite possibly this fourth century Arabic text (found in a tenth century Arabic manuscript) reflects the original intent:

At this time there was a wise man who was called Jesus. And his conduct was good and [he] was known to be virtuous. Many people from among the Jews and other nations became his disciples. Pilate condemned him to be crucified and to die. And those who had become his disciples did not abandon his discipleship. They reported that he had appeared to them three days after his crucifixion and that he was alive; accordingly, he was perhaps the messiah concerning whom the prophets have recounted wonders.

This passage is found in the Arabic manuscript entitled Kitab Al-Unwan Al-Mukallal Bi-Fadail Al-Hikma Al-Mutawwaj Bi-Anwa Al-Falsafa Al-Manduh Bi-Haqaq Al-Marifa.

But even without this passage, there still exists a second mention of Jesus by Josephus. And this one – found in all versions - is seldom disputed by scholars. It concerns the martyrdom of James, Jesus’ half brother:

Festus was now dead, and Albinus was but upon the road; so he assembled the Sanhedrin of the judges, and brought before them the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James, and some others [or some of his companions;] and when he had formed an accusation against them as breakers of the law, he delivered them to be stoned. (Antiquities, Book 20, chapter 9, section 1)

Although Josephus was never a Christian, we do find in his works mention of many figures from the Gospels and other New Testament books. These include John the Baptizer (Antiquities, Book 18, chapter 5, section 2), the family of the Herods, the Judean procurators, and members of the high priestly families.

Significance of these non-Christian witnesses

So what is the bottom line? It’s quite simple.

Even if we omit Josephus, we have other independent references to Jesus the historical person – mainly from people who were enemies of Christianity. And there are some others which, although possibly authentic, cannot be confirmed as such. Therefore I have not listed them.

When all has been said for and against, we need to face it. These historical records do constitute powerful independent evidence that the Bible records concerning Jesus Christ are historical, and that such a person did exist.

These come largely from Greek, Jewish, Samaritan and Roman sources of the first century. What this means is that Christianity is rooted in history. Jesus Christ was even counted in a Roman census.

To summarise the testimony of non-Christian historians:
In brief they inform us that:

(1) Jesus was from Nazareth;

(2) he lived a wise and virtuous life;

(3) he was crucified in Palestine under Pontius Pilate during the reign of Tiberius Caesar at Passover time, being considered the Jewish King;

(4) he was believed by his disciples to have been raised from the dead three days later;

(5) his enemies acknowledged that he performed unusual feats they called ‘sorcery’;

(6) his small band of disciples multiplied rapidly, spreading even as far as Rome;

(7) his disciples denied polytheism, lived moral lives, and worshiped Christ as Divine.

This picture confirms the view of Jesus Christ presented in the New Testament Gospels.

The Encyclopaedia Brittanica concurs:

These independent accounts prove that in ancient times even the opponents of Christianity never doubted the historicity of Jesus, which was disputed for the first time and on inadequate grounds by several authors at the end of the 18^th, during the 19^th, and at the beginning of the 20^th centuries. (Encyclopaedia Brittanica, 15^th edition, 1974)

Honestly, does anyone really think that all these independent lines of evidence were all just “made up”?

To suggest that both the official Roman chroniclers and the Jewish leaders would conspire to fake the existence of Jesus Christ is ludicrous. Give me a rational motive. It would be AGAINST THEIR INTERESTS.

The archeology of Jesus Christ
(b) artefacts

Why no statue or inscription
with the name “Jesus”?

So, someone asks, if Jesus really lived and if he was such an important figure, then why has no statue or inscription been found with his name?

The truth is quite simple – and even obvious – when you think about it. Jesus was not a prominent political figure – just an itinerant with few possessions, who died as an “outlaw”. Would Romans have honoured his memory with a statue or inscription?

And as much to the point, Jerusalem was totally destroyed in 70 AD. Anything that still exists is buried under the modern city.

But it really boils down to this: The historicity of many other characters from the ancient world is accepted on much less evidence than this – often merely upon the single appearance of a name.

So should we not be consistent?

12. Discovered artefacts with Jesus’ name:

It was reported in 2003 that an ossuary was found, with an inscription reading, “James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus”. An ossuary, by the way, is a medium sized box in which human bones were placed for permanent burial after the flesh had all decayed away. This custom was practised for but a brief period of time, between about 20 BC and 70 AD.

Now, since we cannot currently confirm this particular discovery as genuine – it has been labelled a fraud - we should dismiss it for now… bearing in mind that sometimes alleged “frauds” have later proved genuine.

However, in 1945 there was a discovery by Eleazar L. Sukenik of two other ossuaries close to Jerusalem.

These ossuaries were found in a tomb that was in use before AD 50. There was ancient graffiti on them.

The writings read Iesous iou and Iesous aloth. Also present were four crosses. It is likely that the first is a prayer to Jesus for help, and the second, a prayer for resurrection of the person whose bones were contained in the ossuary.

These probably are the oldest records yet found of Christianity. (Carl Henry, ed. Revelation and the Bible. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1969, pp. 327,328)

Another testimony

Here’s an interesting account that deserves mention, before we move on.

King Abgar Uchama ruled over the Osrhoene kingdom between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in north west Mesopotamia from 13 to 50 AD. Its capital city was Edessa (modern Urfa).

However, the king was dying of a terrible physical disorder. “When he heard continual mention of Jesus and the healings he performed, Abgar sent by a letter-carrier named Ananias, a humble request to Jesus, begging for relief from his disease.

Eusebius claims to have seen this letter in the archives at Edessa, along with Jesus’ reply, and an account of the events that surrounded them. He says he translated them into Greek from the original Syriac. G.A. Williamson, who translated Eusebius from Greek into English, says that he also had a copy of the Syriac text which states that Jesus gave a verbal message to Ananias who wrote it down. (Elva Schroeder, Whatever Happened to the Twelve Apostles? Norwood, South Australia: Peacock Publications, 2003, p. 32. For Eusebius’ account, see Appendix F.)

The note at the bottom of the Syriac report found in the archives at Edessa says: “All this happened in the year 340”. Translator G.A. Williamson notes that this was “of the Seleucid era and corresponded to the year AD 30….”

Of course, the usual people will make the usual noises about the authenticity of such ancient reports.

Let me again respond with Aristotle’s Dictum: “The benefit of the doubt is to be given to the document itself, not arrogated by the critic to himself.”

In our country a man is considered innocent until proven guilty. This same ruling should be applied to these documents.

................................................................................- The archeology of Jesus Christ (Jonathan Gray)

WOULD YOU LIKE TO KNOW MORE?

Click here to take a look at the evidence for the most fantastic claim ever made---the resurrection of Jesus Christ!
• What is the truth behind the Da Vinci Conspiracy? Click here
* What is the big Ark of the Covenant secret? Click here
• Why Jesus? Is he relevant today? Click here

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Jonathan Gray
archaeologist, author and lecturer
P.O. Box 785
Thames 3540
New Zealand
info@archaeologyanswers.com
Telephone 011 647 869 0406

This site: The archeology of Jesus Christ - part 1
http://www.beforeus.com/archeology-of-jesus-christ-1.html

Other key sites:

http://www.beforeus.com/archeology-of-jesus-christ-2.html
http://www.beforeus.com/archeology-of-jesus-christ-3.html
http://www.beforeus.com
http://www.beforeus.com/first.php
http://www.beforeus.com/second.php
http://www.beforeus.com/third.php
http://www.beforeus.com/abook.html
http://www.beforeus.com/evol.php
http://www.beforeus.com/aliens.php
http://www.beforeus.com/stolen-id.php
http://www.beforeus.com/da-vinci.php

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Any records of Jesus? - THE MAN WHO "NEVER WAS"

Catch the JOY of Discovery!!!Get FREE weekly emailson lost wonders found, and forbidden secrets exposed Amazing "believe it or not" facts about our past. Come behind the locked doors and discover what is being hidden, denied and banned by an established elite!

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Any records of Jesus? -
THE MAN WHO
"NEVER WAS"

Catch the JOY of Discovery!!!
Get FREE weekly emails
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Amazing "believe it or not" facts about our past.
Come behind the locked doors and discover what is being hidden, denied and banned by an established elite!

(with amazing discoveries of lost civilizations,
unexplained anomalies and_forgotten technology)

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